نشریه روانشناسی پیری
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 23، زمستان 1399)

Vitality is presented as an energy-filled inner experience in which people experience a sense of life and spirit within themselves. Subjective vitality refers to a positive feeling of aliveness and energy. This condition appears to be important in the elderly. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to study of the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on vitality in the elderly. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly referring to the day care centers for the elderly in Aligudarz, Iran in 2018, among whom 30 elderly were chosen using purposive sampling method along with inclusion and exclusion criteria and assigned randomly into two groups of experimental and control (each with 15 members). Research tool consisted of Rayan & Frederick’s subjective vitality scale. The experimental group participated in a group positive psychotherapy for eight 90-minute sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using the univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-25. The results indicated that positive psychotherapy, significantly increased vitality in the elderly. Based on the results of this study, positive psychotherapy is suggested to be used in order to increase vitality in the elderly.

Aging as one of the most important periods of life is associated with many challenges including death anxiety. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the role of spiritual health and perceived social support in predicting death anxiety in the elderly. The present study was a descriptive-correlational one. The study population consisted of the elderly living in Shahrekord in 2020, among whom 385 were selected using convenience sampling method and were assessed by the scales of Templer Death Anxiety, Zemen Perceived Social Support and Paloutzian & Ellison spiritual health. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis in SPSS software version 22. The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between spiritual health (r=-0.51), perceived social support by family (r=-0.37), friends (r=-0.30) and significant other (r=-0.16) with death anxiety in the elderly. The results of linear regression analysis releaved that spiritual health (P=0.001, β=-0.46) and perceived social support by the family (P=0.001, β=-0.29) can predict negatively the death anxiety in the elderly and explain 26.7% of the variance of death anxiety in the elderly. Consequently, counselors and psychologists in the field of aging are suggested to reduce death anxiety in the elderly, using strategies to promote spiritual health and social support.

people in the old age are increasingly exposed to mental disorders such as anxiety and depression, due to the prevalence of numerous losses such as spouse, relatives, friends, occupation, social and economic status, beliefs, and suchlike. Therefore,the aim of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) and spiritual therapy (ST) on irrational beliefs and anxiety in the older women. This was a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly women who were the member of Jahandidegan center, Tehran among whom 45 (three groups containing 15 people) with the mean age of 60-70 (SD=4.58) were selected using convenience sampling method along with inclusion and exclusion criteria and assigned randomly into two experimental and one control group. Participants underwent Kabat’s MBT and Gallanter and Siegel’s ST in 90-minute sessions twice a week, and a follow-up test was performed one month after the posttest. Used to collect data were Jones's Irrational Belief and Spielberger's Overt and Covert Anxiety scales. The obtained data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance altogether with Bonferroni post-hoc. The results showed that both treatments were effective in reducing irrational beliefs and overt and covert anxiety, and this effect was persistent during the follow-up period (p < 0.001). The comparison of MBT and ST showed that although there is no difference between the effectiveness of the two kinds of therapy on irrational beliefs, MBT is more effective than ST in reducing overt and covert anxiety (p < /span><.001). According to the results, mindfulness-based and spiritual therapy can be used as effective interventions for reducing irrational beliefs and anxiety when it comes to designing programs regarding the promotion of mental health in the elderly.

This study aimed to provide a model of metacognitive beliefs and perceived stress to help better understand the quality of life of the elderly. To this end, a sample of 377 subjects was selected by the available sampling method among the elderly over 60 years of age living in Tehran in 2018 and was evaluated using WHO Quality of Life-BREF, Metacognition Questionnaire-30 by Wells & Cartwright-Hatton and perceived stress scale-14 by Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein. The data were evaluated using path analysis by statistical software SPSS-20 and AMOS-20. Results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between perceived stress and quality of life in the elderly. There is a negative and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs (including negative beliefs about irresponsibility, positive beliefs about worries, cognitive confidence, need for control of thoughts) and quality of life in the elderly. The findings also confirmed the role of perceived stress mediated in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and the quality of life of the elderly. Based on the findings, training of metacognitive strategies as an effective mechanism for modification of metacognitive beliefs is an appropriate way to improve the quality of life of elderly people and it is suggested to add it to relevant interventions.

Aging appears to be a biological process experienced by all living beings including humans. Hence, it seems crucial to pay pertecular attention to the elderly and prevent disorders such as suicide ideation and death anxiety among them. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to probe the effectiveness of positivism training on suicide ideation and death anxietyin the elderly. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly men living in Dezful, Iran in 2020. The sample consisted of 30 elderly men (60 to 70 years old) selected using the convenience sampling method and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The experimental group underwent eight 90-minute weekly sessions. Applied in the study were the Beck’s suicide ideation scale and Collet–Lester’s fear of death scale. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis in SPSS-22 software. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of suicide ideation and death anxiety in the posttest (P<.001). That is, the positivism training resulted in the deacres of suicide ideation and death anxiety. According to the findings of the present study, the positivism training can be suggested as an efficient method in the reduction of suicide ideation and death anxietyin the elderly men.

Cognitive emotion regulation refers to the ability to manage personal emotional reactions through cognitive strategies that occur after an unfortunate event. Emotional dysfunction is thought to be common among the elderly due to their certain limitations. Cognitive-behavioral Music therapy (CBMT) seems to be capable to act as a bridge to new insights and behaviors. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of CBMT on cognitive regulation of emotion in the elderly. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical population consisted of all the elderly registered in the day care centers in Babol, Iran in 2019 among which one was selected using convenience sampling method. Out of 53 people eligible to participate in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 were randomly assigned in two groups of experiment and control (each group with 15 people). Experimental group underwent six sessions of cognitive-behavioral music therapy, while no intervention was performed for the control group. The research tool was Garnefskis’s cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-22 software. Findings indicated that CBMT resulted in cognitive regulation of elderly emotions (P<0.05). Based on the findings, CBMT can be applied as an effective model in counseling and psychotherapy centers for cognitive regulation of emotion in the elderly. This treatment method contributes to the cognitive control and the alteration of negative and self-defeating thoughts.

Low self-believe and feelings of worthlessness are the most common negative mental and emotional states in the elderly with diabetes, which can have several side effects. Therefore, the present study was to probe the effectiveness of group logo therapy on self-belief and feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly with type II diabetes in Qazvin. Stratified sampling method was performed on all eligible individuals in the statistical population. The research tools were Azadi’s self-belief questionnaires and Schwartz’s value scale. Having completed the questionnaires, 80 people with the lowest score in each component (46 females and 34 males) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (23 women and 17 men in each group). The experimental group exposed to eight 90-minute Victor Frankel Logo therapy sessions. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) statistical method in SPSS-22 software. The results of indicated that experimental intervention was effective on increasing self-belief and reducing the feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes (P<0.05). The results also showed that gender factor is effective on increasing the effectiveness of group Logo therapy on increasing the self-belief in the elderly with type II diabetes but not on the effectiveness of group Logo therapy on reducing the sense of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. It is recommended to use a group Logo therapy program to increase self-belief and reduce the feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes.